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El banco no era insolvente pero sus activos eran ilíquidos",{"_38":1052,"_40":1053},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1054,"_46":47,"_48":1055,"_50":1056,"_52":1057,"_54":55},"F77szO67",{},[],"La suspensión de pagos llevó a que los billetes del Royal Bank fueran más atesorados y populares que los del banco antiguo y acabó por llevar a la aceptación por parte de diferentes agentes de ambos billetes como iguales.",{"_38":1059,"_40":1060},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1061,"_46":47,"_48":1062,"_50":1063,"_52":1064,"_54":55},"Lx8Z7jOW",{},[],"Durante la suspensión el Royal Bank aceptó billetes del Old Bank para convertirlos a sus billetes o a monedas de oro.",{"_38":1066,"_40":1067},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1068,"_46":47,"_48":1069,"_50":1070,"_52":1071,"_54":55},"rWzR_euP",{},[],"Esto estableció el primer paso a un sistema más amigable de intercambio de billetes que después evolucionó a las cámaras de compensación de billetes y cheques.",{"_38":1073,"_40":1074},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1075,"_46":47,"_48":1076,"_50":1077,"_52":1078,"_54":55},"4-ukkSmy",{},[],"Durante la suspensión, una demanda privada ganó frente al Banco de Escocia en su obligación estatutaria de cumplir con la promesa de pagar en especie a demanda.",{"_38":1080,"_40":1116},[1081,1088,1102],{"_38":1082,"_40":1083},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1084,"_46":47,"_48":1085,"_50":1086,"_52":1087,"_54":55},"Feauvxdm",{},[],"de entregarles 1 libra bajo demanda",{"_38":1089,"_40":1097},[1090],{"_38":1091,"_40":1092},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1093,"_46":47,"_48":1094,"_50":1095,"_52":1096,"_54":55},"BnFC8bkx",{},[],"Esto me recuerda a lo que hacen ahora con los impuestos que no te devuelve a tiempo el Estado.",{"_42":43,"_44":1098,"_46":47,"_48":1099,"_50":1100,"_52":1101,"_54":55},"BXa2AAGt",{"_62":80},[],"o, a discreción del Director, 1 libra y 6 peniques a 6 meses vista. El interés implicito en caso de retraso era del 5%.",{"_38":1103,"_40":1111},[1104],{"_38":1105,"_40":1106},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1107,"_46":47,"_48":1108,"_50":1109,"_52":1110,"_54":55},"vzd6BoaV",{},[],"Que alguien no acepte tu billete por miedo significa que los tenedores van a ir a tu banco a por especie. Eso no quieres que pase",{"_42":43,"_44":1112,"_46":47,"_48":1113,"_50":1114,"_52":1115,"_54":55},"XNAIc9Zw",{"_62":80},[],"No se usó esta segunda opción hasta 1760 aunque sus notas siguieron siendo cambiadas por especie de facto.",{"_42":43,"_44":1117,"_46":47,"_48":1118,"_50":1119,"_52":1120,"_54":55},"Qs32AOVr",{"_62":80},[],"El Royal Bank aprendió la lección y empezó a hacer billetes de 1 libra que garantizaban su redención en dos opciones (la conocida como Option Clause):",{"_42":43,"_44":1122,"_46":47,"_48":1123,"_50":1124,"_52":1129,"_54":55},"_vcfe6di",{"_62":80},[1125],{"_42":83,"_84":1126,"_87":1127,"_48":1128,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1728 - Suspensión de pagos del viejo Banco de Escocia",{"_42":924,"_44":1131,"_46":47,"_48":1132,"_50":1133,"_52":1134,"_54":55},"bwY2R7Pl",{"_62":63},[],"La guerra de notas bancarias",{"_38":1136,"_40":1200},[1137,1148,1155,1162,1169,1181,1193],{"_38":1138,"_40":1139},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1140,"_46":47,"_48":1141,"_50":1142,"_52":1147,"_54":55},"x6CLZ89D",{},[1143],{"_42":83,"_84":1144,"_87":1145,"_48":1146,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1728 - El Royal Bank empezó a ofrecer un tipo de cuentas al descubierto: las cuéntas de crédito en efectivo.",{"_38":1149,"_40":1150},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1151,"_46":47,"_48":1152,"_50":1153,"_52":1154,"_54":55},"pDag0CYv",{},[],"Permitían que individuos tomaran prestado en notas bancarias mientras eran avalados por otras 2 personas que se hacían cargo en caso de impago.",{"_38":1156,"_40":1157},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1158,"_46":47,"_48":1159,"_50":1160,"_52":1161,"_54":55},"koYzv5Fu",{},[],"Pagaban interés solo por el saldo diario pendiente.",{"_38":1163,"_40":1164},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1165,"_46":47,"_48":1166,"_50":1167,"_52":1168,"_54":55},"In9FuDuH",{},[],"Al banco le permitió introducir a un nivel más público sus notas bancarias que encima le pagaban interés.",{"_38":1170,"_40":1171},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1172,"_46":47,"_48":1173,"_50":1174,"_52":1180,"_54":55},"BISxKZtl",{},[1175],{"_42":83,"_84":1176,"_87":1178,"_48":1179,"_54":55},[1177],3,[157],{},"En 1729 el Banco de Escocia adopto las cuentas de crédito en efectivo.",{"_38":1182,"_40":1183},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1184,"_46":47,"_48":1185,"_50":1186,"_52":1192,"_54":55},"fCpzzAzF",{},[1187],{"_42":83,"_84":1188,"_87":1189,"_48":1191,"_54":55},[448],[1190],53,{},"La competencia entre ambos bancos llevo a que en 1731 fuera la norma para ambos ofrecer cuentas remuneradas por defecto. Esto sucedió mucho antes que en Inglaterra y atrajo a muchos depósitos.",{"_38":1194,"_40":1195},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1196,"_46":47,"_48":1197,"_50":1198,"_52":1199,"_54":55},"nGlMVand",{},[],"Ambos bancos eran Chartered Banks",{"_42":924,"_44":1201,"_46":47,"_48":1202,"_50":1203,"_52":1204,"_54":55},"wo6alwkv",{"_62":80},[],"Cuentas al descubierto - Polizas",{"_38":1206,"_40":1265},[1207],{"_38":1208,"_40":1260},[1209,1222,1235,1242,1253],{"_38":1210,"_40":1211},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1212,"_46":47,"_48":1213,"_50":1214,"_52":1221,"_54":55},"gcCoTJ_i",{},[1215],{"_42":83,"_84":1216,"_87":1218,"_48":1220,"_54":55},[1217],266,[1219],283,{},"En la década de los 40, la guerra entre bancos siguió. El antiguo Banco de Escocia, en un intento de luchar con la popularidad del Royal Bank entre los comerciantes de Glasgow en 1749 garantizó una gran suma de cash a una nueva sociedad con la intención de crear el Glasgow Ship Bank. El trato estaba en que este nuevo banco promovería las notas bancarias del antiguo Banco de Escocia en Glasgow.",{"_38":1223,"_40":1224},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1225,"_46":47,"_48":1226,"_50":1227,"_52":1234,"_54":55},"ibzTpF4a",{},[1228],{"_42":83,"_84":1229,"_87":1231,"_48":1233,"_54":55},[1230],56,[1232],73,{},"Como respuesta, el Royal Bank patrocinó la creación del Glasgow Arms Bank en 1750.",{"_38":1236,"_40":1237},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1238,"_46":47,"_48":1239,"_50":1240,"_52":1241,"_54":55},"9nnwIG8a",{},[],"Para sorpresa de ambos bancos, el Ship Bank y el Arms Bank empezaron a emitir sus propios billetes.",{"_38":1243,"_40":1244},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1245,"_46":47,"_48":1246,"_50":1247,"_52":1252,"_54":55},"E1cyFKkk",{},[1248],{"_42":83,"_84":1249,"_87":1250,"_48":1251,"_54":55},[89],[1232],{},"Fue el principio del entendimiento entre el Antiguo Banco y el Royal Bank que empezaron una lucha contra sus antiguos socios en Glasgow: les retiraron sendos créditos y empezaron una lucha de billetes.",{"_38":1254,"_40":1255},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1256,"_46":47,"_48":1257,"_50":1258,"_52":1259,"_54":55},"5ovQB8oH",{},[],"Los bancos de Glasgow sobrevivieron.",{"_42":59,"_44":1261,"_46":47,"_48":1262,"_50":1263,"_52":55,"_54":1264},"aFCF2QjF",{"_62":80},[],"ipfs://bafkreid5x7bv7b6engx73f3r3koefr66kxxjljoqp25e77i2yb2mlaiw2a",{"_42":924,"_44":1266,"_46":47,"_48":1267,"_50":1268,"_52":1269,"_54":55},"Fuk7vn3D",{"_62":63},[],"Glasgow",{"_38":1271,"_40":1321},[1272,1291],{"_38":1273,"_40":1286},[1274],{"_38":1275,"_40":1276},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1277,"_46":47,"_48":1278,"_50":1279,"_52":1285,"_54":55},"w0niQ3gF",{},[1280],{"_42":83,"_84":1281,"_87":1282,"_48":1284,"_54":55},[86],[1283],19,{},"Joint-Stock Company = compañia por acciones. Compañía cuyo capital social está dividido en acciones y puede comprarse y venderse por sus accionistas",{"_42":43,"_44":1287,"_46":47,"_48":1288,"_50":1289,"_52":1290,"_54":55},"2KXu1My7",{"_62":80},[],"En 1747 The Banking Company de Aberdeen (un Joint-Stock)se retiró del mercado en 1753 al haber emitido demasiadas notas bancarias, quedarse sin oro y no estar preparada para gestionar una demanda masiva.",{"_38":1292,"_40":1312},[1293],{"_38":1294,"_40":1295},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1296,"_46":47,"_48":1297,"_50":1298,"_52":1311,"_54":55},"dA7ZK18_",{},[1299,1305],{"_42":103,"_84":1300,"_87":1301,"_48":1303,"_54":1304},[89],[1302],33,{},"https://www.advicescotland.com/summary-diligence/",{"_42":1306,"_84":1307,"_87":1308,"_48":1310,"_54":55},"Italic",[159],[1309],254,{},"Una diligencia sumaria en Escocia es \"Es un proceso que sólo puede utilizarse para ejecutar determinados tipos de deudas. Lo que se resume es el proceso que permite a los acreedores utilizar la diligencia (cobro legal de deudas), no la diligencia en sí.\"",{"_42":43,"_44":1313,"_46":47,"_48":1314,"_50":1315,"_52":1320,"_54":55},"6pjy1Cjb",{"_62":80},[1316],{"_42":83,"_84":1317,"_87":1318,"_48":1319,"_54":55},[354],[356],{},"\"Una petición de diligencia sumariapor parte de un tenedor de notas bancarias (un proceso para ejecutar deudas) fue rechazada con el argumento de que este recurso era ejecutable sobre letra de cambio (bills of exchange) pero no sobre pagarés como los bancarios (promissory notes). La ley por la que se constituyó el Banco de Escocia había previsto la diligencia sumaria sobre sus pagarés, pero esta disposición no se extendía a otros bancos. La cuestión de la diligencia sumaria contra los pagarés bancarios se resolvió definitivamente en 1765, cuando se prohibió la cláusula de opción (Option Clause) y se hizo ejecutable la diligencia sumaria. Hasta entonces, los pagarés del banco circulaban a pesar de que su situación jurídica era poco clara.\"",{"_42":924,"_44":1322,"_46":47,"_48":1323,"_50":1324,"_52":1325,"_54":55},"8N0gpghH",{"_62":80},[],"The Banking Company of Aberdeen y la obligación a pagar deudas de notas bancarias",{"_38":1327,"_40":1397},[1328],{"_38":1329,"_40":1388},[1330,1341,1352,1363,1374,1381],{"_38":1331,"_40":1332},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1333,"_46":47,"_48":1334,"_50":1335,"_52":1340,"_54":55},"Oy6EwGl8",{},[1336],{"_42":83,"_84":1337,"_87":1338,"_48":1339,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1747 empezaron a emitir notas bancarias con interés (promissory interest-bearing notes) para pagar a sus clientes.",{"_38":1342,"_40":1343},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1344,"_46":47,"_48":1345,"_50":1346,"_52":1351,"_54":55},"pAZCmV_K",{},[1347],{"_42":83,"_84":1348,"_87":1349,"_48":1350,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1750 empezaron a emitir notas bancarias no remuneradas, redimibles bajo demanda.",{"_38":1353,"_40":1354},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1355,"_46":47,"_48":1356,"_50":1357,"_52":1362,"_54":55},"xGkWsWiA",{},[1358],{"_42":83,"_84":1359,"_87":1360,"_48":1361,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1760 dejaron el negocio del Lino para centrarse en la banca. Empezaron a crear sucursales y fue la primera gran historia de éxito en ello.",{"_38":1364,"_40":1365},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1366,"_46":47,"_48":1367,"_50":1368,"_52":1373,"_54":55},"eZ0lzDBU",{},[1369],{"_42":83,"_84":1370,"_87":1371,"_48":1372,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1793 ya contaban con 12 sucursales y sumaron 6 más poco después.",{"_38":1375,"_40":1376},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1377,"_46":47,"_48":1378,"_50":1379,"_52":1380,"_54":55},"pDc40uz2",{},[],"Como consecuencia de ello, en 1845 tenían la nota bancaria con mayor circulación del país.",{"_38":1382,"_40":1383},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1384,"_46":47,"_48":1385,"_50":1386,"_52":1387,"_54":55},"_cpvExrI",{},[],"Un ejemplo claro de la libertad de acceso al sector bancario.",{"_42":43,"_44":1389,"_46":47,"_48":1390,"_50":1391,"_52":1396,"_54":55},"La54btPm",{"_62":80},[1392],{"_42":83,"_84":1393,"_87":1394,"_48":1395,"_54":55},[905],[323],{},"Esta empresa creada en 1746 para promover el comercio al mayor de tejido de lino empezó a proveedor servicios bancarios a sus clientes sin emisión de billetes (depósitos, créditos etc).",{"_42":924,"_44":1398,"_46":47,"_48":1399,"_50":1400,"_52":1401,"_54":55},"6IoTIvmC",{"_62":80},[],"The British Linen Company y la creación de sucursales",{"_38":1403,"_40":1470},[1404,1417,1424,1437,1463],{"_38":1405,"_40":1406},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1407,"_46":47,"_48":1408,"_50":1409,"_52":1416,"_54":55},"fn6AsAtV",{},[1410],{"_42":83,"_84":1411,"_87":1413,"_48":1415,"_54":55},[1412,425],6,[1414,354],10,{},"Entre 1750 y 1760 muchos banqueros privados y bancos provinciales entraron en el sector.",{"_38":1418,"_40":1419},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1420,"_46":47,"_48":1421,"_50":1422,"_52":1423,"_54":55},"FxmNlYsS",{},[],"Éstos empezaron a emitir notas bancarias de fracciones de £1 con Option Clause para denominaciones más grandes. Incluso se empezaron a hacer cláusulas triples donde había una opción de pagar en billetes de otros bancos.",{"_38":1425,"_40":1426},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1427,"_46":47,"_48":1428,"_50":1429,"_52":1436,"_54":55},"1HEWsEjO",{},[1430],{"_42":83,"_84":1431,"_87":1433,"_48":1435,"_54":55},[1432],315,[1434],319,{},"La proliferación de denominaciones más pequeñas y de las Option Clause que alejaban la especie (el oro) de la redención crearon agitación y junto con la diligencia sumaria que había evitado el cobro de notas bancarias del retirado Banco Aberdeen, llevó a que tenedores de notas bancarias lo llevaran a Londres y en 1764 el gobierno intervino.",{"_38":1438,"_40":1453},[1439,1446],{"_38":1440,"_40":1441},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1442,"_46":47,"_48":1443,"_50":1444,"_52":1445,"_54":55},"T4wR-1ou",{},[],"Las notas bancarias que llevaran la Option Clause",{"_38":1447,"_40":1448},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1449,"_46":47,"_48":1450,"_50":1451,"_52":1452,"_54":55},"5YD0Eoyk",{},[],"Las notas bancarias inferiores a 1 libra",{"_42":43,"_44":1454,"_46":47,"_48":1455,"_50":1456,"_52":1462,"_54":55},"qriYvPRn",{"_62":80},[1457],{"_42":83,"_84":1458,"_87":1460,"_48":1461,"_54":55},[1459],89,[449],{},"Después de escuchar a todas las partes y bancos escoceses, el parlamento creo una Ley en 1765 por la que se prohibieron en Escocia:",{"_38":1464,"_40":1465},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1466,"_46":47,"_48":1467,"_50":1468,"_52":1469,"_54":55},"jJDH9laz",{},[],"Con esta ley se subió el listón de quién podía participar en la Banca, pero siguió siendo muy libre.",{"_42":924,"_44":1471,"_46":47,"_48":1472,"_50":1473,"_52":1474,"_54":55},"m_nPsApZ",{"_62":80},[],"Denominaciones inferiores a £1 libra y Option Clause",{"_38":1476,"_40":1638},[1477,1488,1499,1564,1578,1597,1631],{"_38":1478,"_40":1479},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1480,"_46":47,"_48":1481,"_50":1482,"_52":1487,"_54":55},"zc89szxO",{},[1483],{"_42":83,"_84":1484,"_87":1485,"_48":1486,"_54":55},[1177],[157],{},"En 1740 habían 5 bancos en Escocia (emisores y no emisores)",{"_38":1489,"_40":1490},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1491,"_46":47,"_48":1492,"_50":1493,"_52":1498,"_54":55},"WSnBqY9F",{},[1494],{"_42":83,"_84":1495,"_87":1496,"_48":1497,"_54":55},[1177],[157],{},"En 1769 habían ya 32. Uno de los últimos en establecerse fue el Ayr Bank (o Douglas, Heron & Co del pueblo de Ayr).",{"_38":1500,"_40":1559},[1501,1512,1523,1534,1545,1552],{"_38":1502,"_40":1503},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1504,"_46":47,"_48":1505,"_50":1506,"_52":1511,"_54":55},"z-47xcYD",{},[1507],{"_42":83,"_84":1508,"_87":1509,"_48":1510,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1751 Entre el antiguo Banco y el RSB se aceptaban notas mutuas y se las intercambiaban pero no aceptaban las de los bancos provinciales",{"_38":1513,"_40":1514},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1515,"_46":47,"_48":1516,"_50":1517,"_52":1522,"_54":55},"N-5GHw8c",{},[1518],{"_42":83,"_84":1519,"_87":1520,"_48":1521,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1768 Aberdeen y Perth United Banking se unieron para aceptar sus notas.",{"_38":1524,"_40":1525},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1526,"_46":47,"_48":1527,"_50":1528,"_52":1533,"_54":55},"JNG7wp0X",{},[1529],{"_42":83,"_84":1530,"_87":1531,"_48":1532,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1769 Ayr Bank aceptaba notas de bancos provinciales y el British Linen Bank también se unió.",{"_38":1535,"_40":1536},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1537,"_46":47,"_48":1538,"_50":1539,"_52":1544,"_54":55},"H5xBZCF0",{},[1540],{"_42":83,"_84":1541,"_87":1542,"_48":1543,"_54":55},[86],[89],{},"1771 los dos antiguos Bancos de Edinburgo aceptan unirse en el intercambio de notas bancarias con las provincias.",{"_38":1546,"_40":1547},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1548,"_46":47,"_48":1549,"_50":1550,"_52":1551,"_54":55},"9rW-_xuc",{},[],"Este sistema de mutua aceptación de notas bancarias en paridad propiciaba la circulación de ambas notas. Esta facilidad empezó a hacer que la gente prefiriese las Notas a la especie y la desplazó su uso casi en su totalidad.",{"_38":1553,"_40":1554},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1555,"_46":47,"_48":1556,"_50":1557,"_52":1558,"_54":55},"eamU-ing",{},[],"Las compensaciones entre 2 miembros del intercambio de notas se hacían semanales y el sobrante de notas se liquidaba en Bills of Exchange negociables en bancos de Londres o en especie.",{"_42":43,"_44":1560,"_46":47,"_48":1561,"_50":1562,"_52":1563,"_54":55},"626WsQv6",{"_62":80},[],"Sistema de intercambio de Notas:",{"_38":1565,"_40":1566},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1567,"_46":47,"_48":1568,"_50":1569,"_52":1577,"_54":55},"QSNa6XWj",{},[1570],{"_42":83,"_84":1571,"_87":1573,"_48":1576,"_54":55},[1412,1572],151,[1574,1575],14,155,{},"En el Ayr Bank no aprendieron antiguas lecciones y actuaron de forma temeraria con la emisión de notas bancarias y en 3 años declaró la insolvencia en 1772",{"_38":1579,"_40":1587},[1580],{"_38":1581,"_40":1582},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1583,"_46":47,"_48":1584,"_50":1585,"_52":1586,"_54":55},"zQFvV8MN",{},[],"Como semanalmente se compensaban los excesos de notas, los miembros del Sistema de intercambio se desacían de billetes del Ayr, y en su sede no dejaban de recibir apilar más y más papel.",{"_42":43,"_44":1588,"_46":47,"_48":1589,"_50":1590,"_52":1596,"_54":55},"Lv4Otxw0",{"_62":80},[1591],{"_42":83,"_84":1592,"_87":1593,"_48":1595,"_54":55},[446],[1594],79,{},"Esta crísis del Ayr se llevó por delante a 16 bancos, dejando el número en 1772 en 16 pero demostró la eficacia del Sistema Escocés de intercambio de notas:",{"_38":1598,"_40":1626},[1599,1606,1613],{"_38":1600,"_40":1601},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1602,"_46":47,"_48":1603,"_50":1604,"_52":1605,"_54":55},"aVjQcOFt",{},[],"Aumentaron la confianza en el sector",{"_38":1607,"_40":1608},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1609,"_46":47,"_48":1610,"_50":1611,"_52":1612,"_54":55},"hDEt7CFU",{},[],"Aumentaron la circulación de sus notas bancarias",{"_38":1614,"_40":1615},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1616,"_46":47,"_48":1617,"_50":1618,"_52":1625,"_54":55},"fP0eSIb-",{},[1619],{"_42":83,"_84":1620,"_87":1622,"_48":1624,"_54":55},[1621],52,[1623],77,{},"Y encima tuvieron pocas pérdidas por el caracter de responsabilidad ilimitada de los accionistas de un banco que tenía la banca libre en escocia.",{"_42":43,"_44":1627,"_46":47,"_48":1628,"_50":1629,"_52":1630,"_54":55},"L5tqBe4j",{"_62":80},[],"Cualquier pérdida de confianza en el sistema bancario por parte del público fue detenida por parte del antiguo Banco de Escocia y el Royal Bank. El día antes de que entrara en liquidación, los 2 bancos anunciaron que aceptarían notas bancarias del Ayr. Así:",{"_38":1632,"_40":1633},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1634,"_46":47,"_48":1635,"_50":1636,"_52":1637,"_54":55},"DQ7O6hTJ",{},[],"En el Ayr, 241 accionistas tuvieron que cubrir con su patrimonio las deudas del banco y todas las deudas --incluyendo las notas bancarias-- se pagaron en su totalidad.",{"_42":924,"_44":1639,"_46":47,"_48":1640,"_50":1641,"_52":1642,"_54":55},"pKvlvIhV",{"_62":80},[],"Sistema escocés de intercambio de notas, el Ayr Bank y la responsabilidad ilimitada de la banca escocesa",{"_38":1644,"_40":1656},[1645],{"_38":1646,"_40":1647},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1648,"_46":47,"_48":1649,"_50":1650,"_52":1655,"_54":55},"N7EXHayj",{},[1651],{"_42":83,"_84":1652,"_87":1653,"_48":1654,"_54":55},[86,223],[89,425],{},"1775 - [[1781]] 🇺🇸 Guerra de Independencia de los EEUU",{"_42":924,"_44":1657,"_46":47,"_48":1658,"_50":1659,"_52":1660,"_54":55},"97HYn81g",{"_62":63},[],"Mientras tanto EEUU vs Inglaterra",{"_38":1662,"_40":1707},[1663,1676,1689],{"_38":1664,"_40":1665},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1666,"_46":47,"_48":1667,"_50":1668,"_52":1675,"_54":55},"tYKmcf01",{},[1669],{"_42":83,"_84":1670,"_87":1672,"_48":1674,"_54":55},[1671],1,[1673],5,{},"~1780 ⚙️ Inicio de la Primera Revolución Industrial en Gran Bretaña",{"_38":1677,"_40":1678},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1679,"_46":47,"_48":1680,"_50":1681,"_52":1688,"_54":55},"Q2UVOuuC",{},[1682],{"_42":83,"_84":1683,"_87":1685,"_48":1687,"_54":55},[86,1684],8,[89,1686],12,{},"1789- [[1799]] 🇫🇷 Revolución Francesa",{"_38":1690,"_40":1691},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1692,"_46":47,"_48":1693,"_50":1694,"_52":1706,"_54":55},"92sVednJ",{},[1695,1701],{"_42":83,"_84":1696,"_87":1698,"_48":1700,"_54":55},[86,223,1697],70,[89,425,1699],107,{},{"_42":103,"_84":1702,"_87":1703,"_48":1704,"_54":1705},[1697],[1699],{},"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda","1800 - [[1922]] 🇬🇧 Se unen los reinos de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda",{"_42":924,"_44":1708,"_46":47,"_48":1709,"_50":1710,"_52":1711,"_54":55},"YFLfmArl",{"_62":63},[],"Y en Europa",{"_38":1713,"_40":1774},[1714],{"_38":1715,"_40":1758},[1716,1723],{"_38":1717,"_40":1718},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1719,"_46":47,"_48":1720,"_50":1721,"_52":1722,"_54":55},"Z2_MAjaW",{},[],"A causa de las Guerras Napoleónicas y el miedo a la invasión francesa de la isla, el parlamento británico promovió la ley de la restricción bancaria de 1797 por la que se eximió al Banco de Inglaterra de la obligación de pagar sus billetes en especie.",{"_38":1724,"_40":1753},[1725,1732,1739,1746],{"_38":1726,"_40":1727},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1728,"_46":47,"_48":1729,"_50":1730,"_52":1731,"_54":55},"UTb-d-qq",{},[],"Aarón: Uno de los puntos importantes es que cada suspension (pre-1797) causaba una demanda legal.",{"_38":1733,"_40":1734},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1735,"_46":47,"_48":1736,"_50":1737,"_52":1738,"_54":55},"aBnJzh8J",{},[],"Aarón: Por eso se emprezo a practicar la clausula de pagar intereses por el tiempo de la suspension.",{"_38":1740,"_40":1741},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1742,"_46":47,"_48":1743,"_50":1744,"_52":1745,"_54":55},"LfJ5haUU",{},[],"Aarón: Pero en la suspension de 1797, no hubo demandas legales.",{"_38":1747,"_40":1748},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1749,"_46":47,"_48":1750,"_50":1751,"_52":1752,"_54":55},"BUmUkjNZ",{},[],"Aarón: Los bancos fueron ciudad por ciudad explicando que en guerras no pueden redimir a dinero-base, se para la producción de muchas cosas incluyendo oro amonedado.",{"_42":43,"_44":1754,"_46":47,"_48":1755,"_50":1756,"_52":1757,"_54":55},"PTugu2a8",{"_62":80},[],"Los bancos escoceses se unieron a la suspensión y restringieron los pagos en especie durante esos mismos años.",{"_42":43,"_44":1759,"_46":47,"_48":1760,"_50":1761,"_52":1773,"_54":55},"_Z4yXf3y",{"_62":80},[1762,1766],{"_42":83,"_84":1763,"_87":1764,"_48":1765,"_54":55},[86,223],[89,425],{},{"_42":103,"_84":1767,"_87":1769,"_48":1771,"_54":1772},[1768],18,[1770],38,{},"https://www.alt-m.org/2018/10/09/scottish-banks-and-the-bank-restriction-1797-1821-part-1/","1797 - [[1821]] - Restricción de pagos en especie de los Bancos de Inglaterra y Escocia",{"_42":924,"_44":1775,"_46":47,"_48":1776,"_50":1777,"_52":1778,"_54":55},"q2RTR3UJ",{"_62":63},[],"Ley de restricción bancaria: Suspensión de pagos por 24 años",{"_38":1780,"_40":1865},[1781,1820,1831,1842,1854],{"_38":1782,"_40":1811},[1783,1790,1797,1804],{"_38":1784,"_40":1785},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1786,"_46":47,"_48":1787,"_50":1788,"_52":1789,"_54":55},"HFNH_9e5",{},[],"Los 3 grandes \"públicos\" haciendo de Bancos de la banca privada y emisores de billetes",{"_38":1791,"_40":1792},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1793,"_46":47,"_48":1794,"_50":1795,"_52":1796,"_54":55},"sCKAAptJ",{},[],"La banca privada no emisora haciendo de banca comercial",{"_38":1798,"_40":1799},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1800,"_46":47,"_48":1801,"_50":1802,"_52":1803,"_54":55},"VUqfqltH",{},[],"La banca provincial usando a la banca privada como agentes en Edinburgo y también emitiendo su propio papel.",{"_38":1805,"_40":1806},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1807,"_46":47,"_48":1808,"_50":1809,"_52":1810,"_54":55},"RqA7p7up",{},[],"Y lo normal era que se establecieran como compañías donde las acciones no eran transferibles (aunque también había Joint-Stock o compañías por acciones. )",{"_42":43,"_44":1812,"_46":47,"_48":1813,"_50":1814,"_52":1819,"_54":55},"ZUvn-E9k",{"_62":80},[1815],{"_42":83,"_84":1816,"_87":1817,"_48":1818,"_54":55},[223],[425],{},"Antes de 1810 la estructura de la Banca escocesa era clara:",{"_38":1821,"_40":1822},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1823,"_46":47,"_48":1824,"_50":1825,"_52":1830,"_54":55},"M30iI6gw",{},[1826],{"_42":83,"_84":1827,"_87":1828,"_48":1829,"_54":55},[1574,905],[1768,448],{},"La entrada en 1810 del Comercial Bank of Scotland, fundado como compañía por acciones con 650 accionistas, dio por finalizada la época sin grandes bancos privados y empezó también la era de la gran sucursalización de la Banca.",{"_38":1832,"_40":1833},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1834,"_46":47,"_48":1835,"_50":1836,"_52":1841,"_54":55},"WjOFFD6-",{},[1837],{"_42":83,"_84":1838,"_87":1839,"_48":1840,"_54":55},[1177],[157],{},"En 1819 el Comercial Bank había abierto ya 14 sucursales por las 17 del British Linen Company o las 14 del Bank of Scoltland (el RBS seguía en 1).",{"_38":1843,"_40":1844},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1845,"_46":47,"_48":1846,"_50":1847,"_52":1853,"_54":55},"xkhKvyJ7",{},[1848],{"_42":83,"_84":1849,"_87":1850,"_48":1852,"_54":55},[1177,911],[157,1851],123,{},"En 1830 el Comercial Bank ya lideraba con 30 sucursales, por 28 del British Linen Company, 18 del National Bank of Scotland (establecido en 1825 con 1200 accionistas), 17 del Bank of Scotland y 1 del RBS.",{"_38":1855,"_40":1856},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1857,"_46":47,"_48":1858,"_50":1859,"_52":1864,"_54":55},"dROz4gtO",{},[1860],{"_42":83,"_84":1861,"_87":1862,"_48":1863,"_54":55},[1177],[157],{},"En 1845 había 19 bancos emisores en Escocia con 363 sucursales.",{"_42":924,"_44":1866,"_46":47,"_48":1867,"_50":1868,"_52":1869,"_54":55},"8XAFYGA5",{"_62":80},[],"Comercial Bank of Scotland y el cambio en la estructura de la Banca Escocesa en 1810",{"_38":1871,"_40":1977},[1872,1917,1937,1944],{"_38":1873,"_40":1907},[1874,1881,1888,1900],{"_38":1875,"_40":1876},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1877,"_46":47,"_48":1878,"_50":1879,"_52":1880,"_54":55},"MVMWERra",{},[],"Institucionalizó el \"bulionismo\" creando un ratio entre las reservas de oro del Banco de Inglaterra y notas bancarias que éste podía emitir.",{"_38":1882,"_40":1883},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1884,"_46":47,"_48":1885,"_50":1886,"_52":1887,"_54":55},"OAQT0TQS",{},[],"Prohibió la emisión de Notas Bancarias a nuevos bancos.",{"_38":1889,"_40":1890},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1891,"_46":47,"_48":1892,"_50":1893,"_52":1899,"_54":55},"GFfR8l_K",{},[1894],{"_42":83,"_84":1895,"_87":1897,"_48":1898,"_54":55},[1896],117,[273],{},"Los bancos privados que ya emitían notas podían emitir como máximo el promedio de notas en circulación que tenían en 1845.",{"_38":1901,"_40":1902},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1903,"_46":47,"_48":1904,"_50":1905,"_52":1906,"_54":55},"liHnZuGJ",{},[],"La ley requería que las nuevas notas bancarias estuvieran respaldadas por completo por oro o deuda gubernamental (vaya!) aunque tenían el poder de suspender esa obligación en casos de crisis financieras.",{"_42":43,"_44":1908,"_46":47,"_48":1909,"_50":1910,"_52":1916,"_54":55},"-yiPlA7r",{"_62":80},[1911],{"_42":83,"_84":1912,"_87":1913,"_48":1915,"_54":55},[159],[1914],41,{},"La Banca Libre en escocia termina en 1844 por la Ley de Licencias Bancarias (The Bank Charter Act 1844) del parlamento del Reino Unido. La ley inglesa:",{"_38":1918,"_40":1926},[1919],{"_38":1920,"_40":1921},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1922,"_46":47,"_48":1923,"_50":1924,"_52":1925,"_54":55},"l6ltA_oO",{},[],"Permitió emitir más de lo que ya se tenía en 1845 pero tenía que estar 100% respaldado en reservas de oro.",{"_42":43,"_44":1927,"_46":47,"_48":1928,"_50":1929,"_52":1936,"_54":55},"VDt6XuI8",{"_62":80},[1930],{"_42":83,"_84":1931,"_87":1933,"_48":1935,"_54":55},[1932],55,[1934],59,{},"La ley específica para Escocia fue un año más tarde en 1845 (Bank Notes Scotland Act):",{"_38":1938,"_40":1939},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1940,"_46":47,"_48":1941,"_50":1942,"_52":1943,"_54":55},"muSkcjgA",{},[],"A la entrada de la legislación existían 20 bancos en Escocia. 19 Emisores de Notas Bancarias.",{"_38":1945,"_40":1967},[1946,1953,1960],{"_38":1947,"_40":1948},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1949,"_46":47,"_48":1950,"_50":1951,"_52":1952,"_54":55},"XCnE0xXS",{},[],"Bank of Scotland del 1696",{"_38":1954,"_40":1955},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1956,"_46":47,"_48":1957,"_50":1958,"_52":1959,"_54":55},"oXPmDRZI",{},[],"Royal Bank of Scotland del 1727",{"_38":1961,"_40":1962},[],{"_42":43,"_44":1963,"_46":47,"_48":1964,"_50":1965,"_52":1966,"_54":55},"DamvzKie",{},[],"Clydesdale Bank Notes establecido en 1838",{"_42":43,"_44":1968,"_46":47,"_48":1969,"_50":1970,"_52":1976,"_54":55},"gadaNsSa",{"_62":80},[1971],{"_42":103,"_84":1972,"_87":1973,"_48":1974,"_54":1975},[1686],[445],{},"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_Scotland","Hoy en día, 3 bancos escoceses siguen emitiendo notas bancarias privadas. 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Cronología del L174 sobre la Banca Libre de Escocia.

$\"\"$

Antecedentes históricos

1517 - Inicio de la Reforma Protestante con la publicación de "Las noventa y cinco tesis" de Martín Lutero

En este texto atacaba a las indulgencias católicas (documentos a la venta con las que salvar tu alma y con las que se financiaba la construcción de la basílica de San Pedro) y esbozó su doctrina sobre la salvación solo por la fe y no por las obras.

1533 - Enrique VIII excomulgado por su divorcio en inicio de la Reforma Anglicana (que forma parte de la reforma protestante en Europa)

1536 - 👑 Acta de unión de Gales a Inglaterra

Gales había estado anexado ya en 1284. En 1536 se crea la entidad legal conocida como Inglaterra y Gales.

$\"\"$

1560 - Reforma Protestante de Escocia

La reforma protestante llega a Escocia y fue más fuerte que en Inglaterra

1603 - 👑 Unión de las Coronas (Inglaterra + Escocia + Irlanda)

Jacobo VI de Escocia pasó a ser el Rey Jacobo I de Inglaterra e Irlanda (con corona compartida con Inglaterra desde 1542).
Jacobo VI había sido convertido al Protestanismo en su juventud (sus padres eran Católicos)
Los 3 reinos compartían monarca pero mantenían parlamentos e instituciones nacionales separadas siendo independientes entre sí.
Los Reinos de Escocia e Inglaterra eran estados soberanos, separados y que contaban con sus propios parlamentos, poder judicial y conjunto de leyes que pasaron a ser gobernados por un mismo soberano.
El 5 de noviembre de 1605 sucedió la conspiración de la pólvora donde Guy Fawkes intentó volar el parlamento inglés.
Nota curiosa, Guy Fawkes también es conocido como "Guido" Fawkes. Este nombre fue el que utilizó cuando se unió al ejército español en Holanda y con el que llegó a ser propuesto incluso como capitán. Guido viajó a España en 1603 para denunciar la persecución que sufrían los católicos en Inglaterra. La corte de Felipe III no apoyó su cruzada y por ello no se debe conectar la Conspiración de la Pólvora con la Corona de España.

1609 - 🇳🇱🏦 Establecimiento Banco de Amsterdam (Amsterdamsche Wisselbank)

Fue el primer banco público en ofrecer cuentas no convertibles directamente a moneda. Como tal, se ha descrito como el primer banco central (incoherencias con Taula de canvi 1401 y el Risksbank Sueco de 1668)
Se estableció para defender unos estándares de acuñación
- No gestionaba moneda nacional
- Ni ofrecía préstamos
Su papel era estimar el valor de las monedas y por lo tanto hacer menos provechoso el envilecimiento de las monedas (el "debasement")
En aquella época circulaban 500 diferentes tipos de monedas (legales o ilegales)de una variedad de países y regiones pero no se había determinado un buen sistema para establecer Tasas de Intercambio (exchange rates).
En el banco la gente podía intercambiar sus monedas por "trade coins"
Las Trade Coins eran monedas minteadas por un gobierno pero no necesariamente Legal Tender. Eran quasi bullion coins.
Fue un engrasador de intercambios regionales e internacionales. Facilitó el intercambio.

1633 - Inicio de Goldsmiths Bankers en Londres

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith_banker Muy interesante

1642 - [[1688]] - ⚔️ Guerra Civil Inglesa

1649 Oliver Cromwell gana la guerra y se condena a muerte por decapitación el Rey Carlos I
1649 República burguesa Inglesa con bases muy liberales con respecto al comercio como máxima prioridad.
- Escocia e Irlanda permanecían Realistas que apoyaban al sucesor legítimo del rey decapitado: Carlos II.
- Cromwell pacificó los territorios con mano dura y la república acabó en dictadura militar muy exitosa en sus guerras marítimas.
- A la muerte de Cromwell en 1658, su hijo renunció y el Parlamento inglés declaró Rey de Inglaterra a Carlos II en 1660
1660 - [[1688]] Corona Dinastía de los Estuardo
- 1685 Muere Carlos II y se pone al frente Jacobo, su hermano que era Católico. Su dureza y catolicismo le ganaron muy mala prensa y para evitar que su hijo reinara, los líderes de la oposición invitaron al yerno de Jacobo, Guillermo de Organge a que se convirtiera en Rey en 1688. Conocido después como Guillermo III era protestante y de origen holandés y derrocó a su suegro Jacobo II en la Revolución Gloriosa
- Fue rey de Inglaterra, Irlanda y Escocia hasta 1694

1648 - Paz de Westfalia

Fin a las guerras de Religión en Europa que llevaban activas desde que Lutero iniciara la Reforma Protestante en 1517 (Iniciada en Alemania. En el SXVI ésta era muy rica gracias al comercio desarrollado por la Liga Hanseática entre los países del mar Báltico y el mar del Norte )
Instauración del principio de integridad nacional e inicio del concepto de soberanía nacional

1668 - 🇸🇪 🏦 Creación del Riksbank en Suecia, primer Banco Central del mundo

La idea de los primeros bancos centrales que florecieron a finales del 1600 era establecer un requerimiento de reservas y especificar el tipo de activos

1694 - ENG: 🏦 Creación del Banco de Inglaterra

Empezó como banco privado y no fue nacionalizado hasta el 1 de marzo de 1946 por la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Inglaterra había perdido la guerra naval con Francia en 1690 y tenía que reconstruir su flota pero no tenía capital ni fondos públicos con lo que hacerlo.
Como el gobierno de Londres no tenía crédito para pedir más (necesitaba 1,2M de libras).
Para inducir a que se le prestaran esas libras, el gobierno ofreció:
- Que los prestamistas se unieran en la nueva compañía de El Banco de Inglaterra que tendría privilegios bancarios por tiempo.
- El banco recibiría la exclusiva posesión de los balances del gobierno
- y además se convertiría en la única corporación con responsabilidad limitada que pudiera emitir notas bancarias. (Toma ya!)
- los prestamistas darían especie al gobierna y emitirían notas bancarias contra los bonos del gobierno. El gobierno pagaría 8% de interés anual.
Con estas condiciones se consiguieron los 1,2M de libras en 12 días

1695 - SCT: Creación de El Banco de Escocia por ley del parlamento escocés.

Le ley le proveía del monopolio legal de la banca y el derecho a emitir durante 21 años
El banco no renovó su monopolio en 1716
- Curioso también que se dieran licencias a 20-21 años. Como en EEUU después.
No era una institución estatal.
- Se le prohibía prestar al gobierno en sus estatutos (ojo aquí).
Sus creadores esperaban de él:
- Que proveyera de préstamos a comerciantes y nobles (prohibido al gobierno)
- que permitiera descontar papel comercial
- las notas bancarias estaban pensadas para circular por medio de las 2 prácticas anteriores.

1701 - ENG: Acta de Establecimiento

por esta ley el Parlamento inglés daba carpetazo a la posible coronación del hijo varón de Jacobo II (católico) y que hubiera sido Jacobo III en favor de su hermana Ana (que sería Ana de Gran Bretaña).
y también la ley establecía que en el caso de morir Ana sin descendencia directa, el heredero al trono sería alguien de la casa Hannover (y no Estuardo como ahora) y protestante (no católicos).
El detalle es que no le preguntaron a los escoceses. Y a estos les sentó un poco mal.

1702 - Ana de Gran Bretaña se convierte en Reina de Inglaterra

1704 - SCT: Security Act - Ley de Seguridad de Escocia

Fue una respuesta a el Acta de Establecimiento Inglés
Permitía al Parlamento Escocés escoger al rey sucesor y explícitamente requería que NO fuera inglés salvo que inglaterra les garantizase mercado libre entre ambos y libertad de navegación.

1705 - ENG: Alien Act - Ley Extranjera de Inglaterra

Bajo una corona conjunta habían síntomas de posible separación.
- Los ingleses se habían asegurado por ley una sucesión potestante de la casa de los Hannover
- Los escoceses no querían aceptar a una Reina inglesa
La Ley Extranjera de Inglaterra era una amenaza de:
- Convertir a los escoceses en extranjeros
- Bloquear el 50% del comercio de escocia con Inglaterra y sus colonias
- Todo esto a menos que los escoceses volvieran a la mesa de negociación de la Unión.

1707 - 🇬🇧 Tratado de Unión de los reinos de Inglaterra y Escocia en uno solo: Gran Bretaña (Reino Unido)

Conjunto de leyes aprobadas por los parlamentos de Escocia e Inglaterra y que entraron en vigor el 1 de mayo de 1707.
Como resultado se creó el Reino de Gran Bretaña.
El principal interés Inglés era asegurar la sucesión Protestante al trono
El principal interés escocés era:
- acceder a algunos subsidios ingleses para recuperarse de la crisis financiera provocada por
  - la fallida colonia escocesa en Panamá que fue o iba a ser Nueva Caledonia (Proyecto Darién) en el 1698 .
  - y por la hambruna de 1690 que se llevó al 15% de la población escocesa
- y para eliminar la amenaza de sanciones económicas impuestas por Inglaterra en la Ley Extranjera.
Los parlamentos de ambos países se unieron en El Parlamento de Gran Bretaña y se situó en el Palacio de Westminster en Londres.
El Reino de Irlanda siguió compartiendo Rey con Gran Bretaña pero se mantuvo

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1707 - Ejemplo de Nota Bancaria del Banco de Escocia

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1717 - Sir Isaac Newton, Maestro de la ceca real estableció el peso de la libra en cantidad de oro

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling

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Periodo de Banca Libre de Escocia

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Edimburgo 1700

La guerra de notas bancarias

1727 - Creación del Royal Bank of Scotland por parte del parlamente Británico

En Londres tenían la mosca detrás de la Oreja con el Bank of Scotland por sus inclinaciones jacobitas (y por tanto católicas).
Hicieron oídos sordos a la petición de éste de no permitir la licencia al Royal Bank of Scotland.
Desde su apertura empezó una guerra entre ambos bancos con sede en Edinburgo en la que usaban los billetes de los otros como misiles:
- Atesoraban billetes ajenos y los entregaban todos de golpe para dejarles sin moneda.

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Billete del Royal Bank of Scotland de 1727

1728 - Suspensión de pagos del viejo Banco de Escocia

Suspendió pagos durante 8 meses
Llamó a devolver préstamos
Pidió un 10% más a sus accionistas
Cerró sus puertas algunas semanas
En 1704 ya suspendió pagos. El banco no era insolvente pero sus activos eran ilíquidos
- en esta ocasión se prometió un 5% anual después de que se reanudasen los pagos en moneda
- se aplicó la misma lógica en la suspensión en 1715 y en 1728
La suspensión de pagos llevó a que los billetes del Royal Bank fueran más atesorados y populares que los del banco antiguo y acabó por llevar a la aceptación por parte de diferentes agentes de ambos billetes como iguales.
Durante la suspensión el Royal Bank aceptó billetes del Old Bank para convertirlos a sus billetes o a monedas de oro.
Esto estableció el primer paso a un sistema más amigable de intercambio de billetes que después evolucionó a las cámaras de compensación de billetes y cheques.
Durante la suspensión, una demanda privada ganó frente al Banco de Escocia en su obligación estatutaria de cumplir con la promesa de pagar en especie a demanda.
El Royal Bank aprendió la lección y empezó a hacer billetes de 1 libra que garantizaban su redención en dos opciones (la conocida como Option Clause):
- de entregarles 1 libra bajo demanda
- o, a discreción del Director, 1 libra y 6 peniques a 6 meses vista. El interés implicito en caso de retraso era del 5%.
  - Esto me recuerda a lo que hacen ahora con los impuestos que no te devuelve a tiempo el Estado.
- No se usó esta segunda opción hasta 1760 aunque sus notas siguieron siendo cambiadas por especie de facto.
  - Que alguien no acepte tu billete por miedo significa que los tenedores van a ir a tu banco a por especie. Eso no quieres que pase

Cuentas al descubierto - Polizas

1728 - El Royal Bank empezó a ofrecer un tipo de cuentas al descubierto: las cuéntas de crédito en efectivo.
Permitían que individuos tomaran prestado en notas bancarias mientras eran avalados por otras 2 personas que se hacían cargo en caso de impago.
Pagaban interés solo por el saldo diario pendiente.
Al banco le permitió introducir a un nivel más público sus notas bancarias que encima le pagaban interés.
En 1729 el Banco de Escocia adopto las cuentas de crédito en efectivo.
La competencia entre ambos bancos llevo a que en 1731 fuera la norma para ambos ofrecer cuentas remuneradas por defecto. Esto sucedió mucho antes que en Inglaterra y atrajo a muchos depósitos.
Ambos bancos eran Chartered Banks

Glasgow

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En la década de los 40, la guerra entre bancos siguió. El antiguo Banco de Escocia, en un intento de luchar con la popularidad del Royal Bank entre los comerciantes de Glasgow en 1749 garantizó una gran suma de cash a una nueva sociedad con la intención de crear el Glasgow Ship Bank. El trato estaba en que este nuevo banco promovería las notas bancarias del antiguo Banco de Escocia en Glasgow.
Como respuesta, el Royal Bank patrocinó la creación del Glasgow Arms Bank en 1750.
Para sorpresa de ambos bancos, el Ship Bank y el Arms Bank empezaron a emitir sus propios billetes.
Fue el principio del entendimiento entre el Antiguo Banco y el Royal Bank que empezaron una lucha contra sus antiguos socios en Glasgow: les retiraron sendos créditos y empezaron una lucha de billetes.
Los bancos de Glasgow sobrevivieron.

The Banking Company of Aberdeen y la obligación a pagar deudas de notas bancarias

En 1747 The Banking Company de Aberdeen (un Joint-Stock)se retiró del mercado en 1753 al haber emitido demasiadas notas bancarias, quedarse sin oro y no estar preparada para gestionar una demanda masiva.
- Joint-Stock Company = compañia por acciones. Compañía cuyo capital social está dividido en acciones y puede comprarse y venderse por sus accionistas
"Una petición de diligencia sumariapor parte de un tenedor de notas bancarias (un proceso para ejecutar deudas) fue rechazada con el argumento de que este recurso era ejecutable sobre letra de cambio (bills of exchange) pero no sobre pagarés como los bancarios (promissory notes). La ley por la que se constituyó el Banco de Escocia había previsto la diligencia sumaria sobre sus pagarés, pero esta disposición no se extendía a otros bancos. La cuestión de la diligencia sumaria contra los pagarés bancarios se resolvió definitivamente en 1765, cuando se prohibió la cláusula de opción (Option Clause) y se hizo ejecutable la diligencia sumaria. Hasta entonces, los pagarés del banco circulaban a pesar de que su situación jurídica era poco clara."
- Una diligencia sumaria en Escocia es "Es un proceso que sólo puede utilizarse para ejecutar determinados tipos de deudas. Lo que se resume es el proceso que permite a los acreedores utilizar la diligencia (cobro legal de deudas), no la diligencia en sí."

The British Linen Company y la creación de sucursales

Esta empresa creada en 1746 para promover el comercio al mayor de tejido de lino empezó a proveedor servicios bancarios a sus clientes sin emisión de billetes (depósitos, créditos etc).
- 1747 empezaron a emitir notas bancarias con interés (promissory interest-bearing notes) para pagar a sus clientes.
- 1750 empezaron a emitir notas bancarias no remuneradas, redimibles bajo demanda.
- 1760 dejaron el negocio del Lino para centrarse en la banca. Empezaron a crear sucursales y fue la primera gran historia de éxito en ello.
- 1793 ya contaban con 12 sucursales y sumaron 6 más poco después.
- Como consecuencia de ello, en 1845 tenían la nota bancaria con mayor circulación del país.
- Un ejemplo claro de la libertad de acceso al sector bancario.

Denominaciones inferiores a £1 libra y Option Clause

Entre 1750 y 1760 muchos banqueros privados y bancos provinciales entraron en el sector.
Éstos empezaron a emitir notas bancarias de fracciones de £1 con Option Clause para denominaciones más grandes. Incluso se empezaron a hacer cláusulas triples donde había una opción de pagar en billetes de otros bancos.
La proliferación de denominaciones más pequeñas y de las Option Clause que alejaban la especie (el oro) de la redención crearon agitación y junto con la diligencia sumaria que había evitado el cobro de notas bancarias del retirado Banco Aberdeen, llevó a que tenedores de notas bancarias lo llevaran a Londres y en 1764 el gobierno intervino.
Después de escuchar a todas las partes y bancos escoceses, el parlamento creo una Ley en 1765 por la que se prohibieron en Escocia:
- Las notas bancarias que llevaran la Option Clause
- Las notas bancarias inferiores a 1 libra
Con esta ley se subió el listón de quién podía participar en la Banca, pero siguió siendo muy libre.

Sistema escocés de intercambio de notas, el Ayr Bank y la responsabilidad ilimitada de la banca escocesa

En 1740 habían 5 bancos en Escocia (emisores y no emisores)
En 1769 habían ya 32. Uno de los últimos en establecerse fue el Ayr Bank (o Douglas, Heron & Co del pueblo de Ayr).
Sistema de intercambio de Notas:
- 1751 Entre el antiguo Banco y el RSB se aceptaban notas mutuas y se las intercambiaban pero no aceptaban las de los bancos provinciales
- 1768 Aberdeen y Perth United Banking se unieron para aceptar sus notas.
- 1769 Ayr Bank aceptaba notas de bancos provinciales y el British Linen Bank también se unió.
- 1771 los dos antiguos Bancos de Edinburgo aceptan unirse en el intercambio de notas bancarias con las provincias.
- Este sistema de mutua aceptación de notas bancarias en paridad propiciaba la circulación de ambas notas. Esta facilidad empezó a hacer que la gente prefiriese las Notas a la especie y la desplazó su uso casi en su totalidad.
- Las compensaciones entre 2 miembros del intercambio de notas se hacían semanales y el sobrante de notas se liquidaba en Bills of Exchange negociables en bancos de Londres o en especie.
En el Ayr Bank no aprendieron antiguas lecciones y actuaron de forma temeraria con la emisión de notas bancarias y en 3 años declaró la insolvencia en 1772
Esta crísis del Ayr se llevó por delante a 16 bancos, dejando el número en 1772 en 16 pero demostró la eficacia del Sistema Escocés de intercambio de notas:
- Como semanalmente se compensaban los excesos de notas, los miembros del Sistema de intercambio se desacían de billetes del Ayr, y en su sede no dejaban de recibir apilar más y más papel.
Cualquier pérdida de confianza en el sistema bancario por parte del público fue detenida por parte del antiguo Banco de Escocia y el Royal Bank. El día antes de que entrara en liquidación, los 2 bancos anunciaron que aceptarían notas bancarias del Ayr. Así:
- Aumentaron la confianza en el sector
- Aumentaron la circulación de sus notas bancarias
- Y encima tuvieron pocas pérdidas por el caracter de responsabilidad ilimitada de los accionistas de un banco que tenía la banca libre en escocia.
En el Ayr, 241 accionistas tuvieron que cubrir con su patrimonio las deudas del banco y todas las deudas --incluyendo las notas bancarias-- se pagaron en su totalidad.

Mientras tanto EEUU vs Inglaterra

1775 - [[1781]] 🇺🇸 Guerra de Independencia de los EEUU

Y en Europa

~1780 ⚙️ Inicio de la Primera Revolución Industrial en Gran Bretaña

1789- [[1799]] 🇫🇷 Revolución Francesa

1800 - [[1922]] 🇬🇧 Se unen los reinos de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda

Ley de restricción bancaria: Suspensión de pagos por 24 años

1797 - [[1821]] - Restricción de pagos en especie de los Bancos de Inglaterra y Escocia

A causa de las Guerras Napoleónicas y el miedo a la invasión francesa de la isla, el parlamento británico promovió la ley de la restricción bancaria de 1797 por la que se eximió al Banco de Inglaterra de la obligación de pagar sus billetes en especie.
Los bancos escoceses se unieron a la suspensión y restringieron los pagos en especie durante esos mismos años.
- Aarón: Uno de los puntos importantes es que cada suspension (pre-1797) causaba una demanda legal.
- Aarón: Por eso se emprezo a practicar la clausula de pagar intereses por el tiempo de la suspension.
- Aarón: Pero en la suspension de 1797, no hubo demandas legales.
- Aarón: Los bancos fueron ciudad por ciudad explicando que en guerras no pueden redimir a dinero-base, se para la producción de muchas cosas incluyendo oro amonedado.

Comercial Bank of Scotland y el cambio en la estructura de la Banca Escocesa en 1810

Antes de 1810 la estructura de la Banca escocesa era clara:
- Los 3 grandes "públicos" haciendo de Bancos de la banca privada y emisores de billetes
- La banca privada no emisora haciendo de banca comercial
- La banca provincial usando a la banca privada como agentes en Edinburgo y también emitiendo su propio papel.
- Y lo normal era que se establecieran como compañías donde las acciones no eran transferibles (aunque también había Joint-Stock o compañías por acciones. )
La entrada en 1810 del Comercial Bank of Scotland, fundado como compañía por acciones con 650 accionistas, dio por finalizada la época sin grandes bancos privados y empezó también la era de la gran sucursalización de la Banca.
En 1819 el Comercial Bank había abierto ya 14 sucursales por las 17 del British Linen Company o las 14 del Bank of Scoltland (el RBS seguía en 1).
En 1830 el Comercial Bank ya lideraba con 30 sucursales, por 28 del British Linen Company, 18 del National Bank of Scotland (establecido en 1825 con 1200 accionistas), 17 del Bank of Scotland y 1 del RBS.
En 1845 había 19 bancos emisores en Escocia con 363 sucursales.

Fin de la Banca Libre en 1844 y 1845

La Banca Libre en escocia termina en 1844 por la Ley de Licencias Bancarias (The Bank Charter Act 1844) del parlamento del Reino Unido. La ley inglesa:
- Institucionalizó el "bulionismo" creando un ratio entre las reservas de oro del Banco de Inglaterra y notas bancarias que éste podía emitir.
- Prohibió la emisión de Notas Bancarias a nuevos bancos.
- Los bancos privados que ya emitían notas podían emitir como máximo el promedio de notas en circulación que tenían en 1845.
- La ley requería que las nuevas notas bancarias estuvieran respaldadas por completo por oro o deuda gubernamental (vaya!) aunque tenían el poder de suspender esa obligación en casos de crisis financieras.
La ley específica para Escocia fue un año más tarde en 1845 (Bank Notes Scotland Act):
- Permitió emitir más de lo que ya se tenía en 1845 pero tenía que estar 100% respaldado en reservas de oro.
A la entrada de la legislación existían 20 bancos en Escocia. 19 Emisores de Notas Bancarias.
Hoy en día, 3 bancos escoceses siguen emitiendo notas bancarias privadas. Son legales pero no legal tender.
- Bank of Scotland del 1696
- Royal Bank of Scotland del 1727
- Clydesdale Bank Notes establecido en 1838

Cierres a otros capítulos

~1840 - ⚙️ Fin de la Primera Revolución Industrial

1921 - Creación de Irlanda del Norte con la Independencia del resto de la isla de Reino Unido

1922 - Independencia de la República de Irlanda

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